Superbugs
The following has evaluated to null or missing:
==> mostrarTituloH2 [in template "20102#20129#105831" at line 4, column 40]
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Tip: If the failing expression is known to legally refer to something that's sometimes null or missing, either specify a default value like myOptionalVar!myDefault, or use <#if myOptionalVar??>when-present<#else>when-missing</#if>. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)??
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FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related):
- Failed at: #assign hayH2 = getterUtil.getBoolean... [in template "20102#20129#105831" at line 4, column 1]
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1<#assign title = .vars['reserved-article-title'].getData()>
2<div class="containerInterior">
3<#assign hayH1 = getterUtil.getBoolean(MostrarTituloH1.getData())>
4<#assign hayH2 = getterUtil.getBoolean(mostrarTituloH2.getData())>
5
6<#if hayH1>
7 <h1 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="titulo">${layout.getName(locale)}</h1>
8</#if>
9<#if hayH2>
10
11 <#if TituloContenido.getData()?? && TituloContenido.getData() != "">
12 <#assign contenido = TituloContenido.getData()>
13 <#else>
14 <#assign contenido = title>
15 </#if>
16
17 <#if hayH1>
18 <p id="subtitulo"
19 aria-level="2"
20 role="heading"
21 style="
22 color: #007f33 !important;
23 font-size: 45px;
24 font-family: 'IberPangea Medium', sans-serif;
25 line-height: 45px;
26 margin-top: .75em;
27 margin-bottom: .9em;">
28 ${contenido}
29 </p>
30 <#else>
31 <p id="subtitulo"
32 style="
33 color: #007f33 !important;
34 font-size: 45px;
35 font-family: 'IberPangea Medium', sans-serif;
36 line-height: 45px;
37 margin-top: .75em;
38 margin-bottom: .9em;">
39 ${contenido}
40 </p>
41 </#if>
42
43</#if>
44
45<#if getterUtil.getBoolean(MostrarCategorias.getData())>
46
47
48
49 <#assign journalArticleId = .vars['reserved-article-id'].data>
50 <#assign journalArticleLocalService = serviceLocator.findService("com.liferay.journal.service.JournalArticleLocalService")>
51
52 <#assign assetCategoryPropertyLocalService = serviceLocator.findService("com.liferay.asset.category.property.service.AssetCategoryPropertyLocalService") />
53
54 <#assign article = journalArticleLocalService.getArticle(groupId, .vars['reserved-article-id'].data) />
55 <#assign assetEntryLocalService = serviceLocator.findService("com.liferay.asset.kernel.service.AssetEntryLocalService")>
56 <#assign asset = assetEntryLocalService.getEntry('com.liferay.journal.model.JournalArticle', article.resourcePrimKey) >
57 <#assign layoutLocalService = serviceLocator.findService("com.liferay.portal.kernel.service.LayoutLocalService") />
58
59 <p class="tag-categorias">
60
61 <#list asset.getCategories() as category>
62
63
64
65 <#if assetCategoryPropertyLocalService.fetchCategoryProperty(category.getCategoryId(), "friendlyURL")??>
66
67 <#assign categoryFriendly = '/tag/' + assetCategoryPropertyLocalService.fetchCategoryProperty(category.getCategoryId(), "friendlyURL").getValue() />
68
69 <#if layoutLocalService.fetchLayoutByFriendlyURL(groupId, false, categoryFriendly)??>
70 <#assign categoryLayout = layoutLocalService.fetchLayoutByFriendlyURL(groupId, false, categoryFriendly) />
71 <#assign categoryLayoutURL = portalUtil.getLayoutFullURL(categoryLayout, themeDisplay) />
72
73 <a class="tag-categoria" href="${categoryLayoutURL}">${category.getTitle(locale)?cap_first}</a>
74
75 <#else>
76 <a class="tag-categoria" href="/tag/#">${category.getTitle(locale)?cap_first}</a>
77
78 </#if>
79 </#if>
80
81
82
83
84 </#list>
85
86 </p>
87
88</#if>
89<div id="contenidoEntradilla">${DescripcionDetalleContenido.getData()}</div>
90
91
92<#if ContenidoWebcofl.getSiblings()?has_content>
93 <#list ContenidoWebcofl.getSiblings() as cur_ContenidoWebcofl>
94 <#assign
95 webContentData = jsonFactoryUtil.createJSONObject(cur_ContenidoWebcofl.getData())
96 />
97
98 <#if webContentData?length gt 5>
99 <@liferay_asset["asset-display"]
100 className = webContentData.className
101 classPK = webContentData.classPK?number
102 />
103
104 </#if>
105
106
107 </#list>
108</#if>
109</div>
110<@liferay_util["html-top"]>
111<style>
112 #decPagination div.containerInterior p#subtitulo {
113 font-family: "Iberpangea Medium";
114 font-size: 45px;
115 line-height: 45px;
116 color: #007F33;
117 margin-bottom: 20px;
118 }
119
120
121 div.contenidoCentrado div.contenidoInterior div.containerInterior p.tag-categorias a.tag-categoria:focus{
122 outline: 2px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7) !important;
123 }
124 p.tag-categorias > .tag-categoria {
125 width: auto !important;
126 max-width: inherit !important;
127 }
128
129 div.faldon h2 {
130 width: 100%;
131 float: left;
132 font-size: 1.26em;
133 font-family: IberPangeaText Light, sans-serif;
134 margin-bottom: 2em;
135 border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
136 padding-bottom: .8em;
137 color: #427314 !important;
138
139 line-height: 1.35em;
140 margin-top: .75em;
141 }
142 .contenidoInterior div.faldon h2+ul li:before {
143 margin: .15em 0 0 -1.75em;
144 font-size: 1em;
145 }
146 .cursiva_texto {
147 font-style: italic;
148 }
149 .contenidoInterior h1 {
150 font-family: 'IberPangea', sans-serif !important;
151 font-size: 32px !important;
152 border: none !important;
153 line-height: 36px !important;
154 letter-spacing: 0px !important;
155 color: #00402A !important;
156 padding-left: 0em !important;
157 margin-bottom: 14px !important;
158 }
159 p span.table a.enlace-actualidad[href*="/tag/"],
160 p span.table a.enlace-actualidad[href*="/label/"],
161 p.tag-categorias a.tag-categoria[href*="/tag/"],
162 p.tag-categorias a.tag-categoria[href*="/label/"]{
163 line-height: 23px !important;
164 }
165 .contenidoInterior #contenidoEntradilla p.entradilla {
166 font-family: IberPangeaText, sans-serif !important;
167 font-size: 17px !important;
168 line-height: 23px !important;
169 font-weight: 700;
170 color: #615D5A !important;
171 margin-top: 2em;
172 }
173
174 .contenidoInterior h2#subtitulo{
175 font-family: 'IberPangea Medium', sans-serif !important;
176 margin-bottom: 0.4em;
177 }
178 #decPagination div.containerInterior{
179 max-width:980px;
180 margin:0 auto 25px;
181 }
182 #decPagination div.containerInterior h1#titulo{
183 font-family:"Iberpangea Medium";
184 font-size:32px;
185 line-height:36px;
186 color:#00402A;
187 text-transform:none;
188 border-left:none;
189 margin-top:20px;
190 }
191 #decPagination div.containerInterior h2#subtitulo{
192 font-family:"Iberpangea Medium";
193 font-size:45px;
194 line-height:45px;
195 color:#007F33;
196 margin-bottom:20px;
197 }
198 #decPagination div.containerInterior p.tag-categorias{
199 margin-bottom:30px !important;
200 }
201 #decPagination div.containerInterior p.tag-categorias a.tag-categoria{
202 margin-right:20px;
203 color:#00402A;
204 }
205 #decPagination div.containerInterior div#contenidoEntradilla p.entradilla{
206 font-family:"IberpangeaText";
207 font-size:20px ;
208 line-height:26px;
209 color:#615D5A;
210 }
211 @media all and (max-width:500px){
212 #decPagination div.containerInterior h1#titulo{
213 font-size:26px;
214 line-height:36px;
215 }
216 #decPagination div.containerInterior h2#subtitulo{
217 font-size:35px;
218 line-height:35px;
219 margin-bottom:20px;
220 }
221 #decPagination div.containerInterior div#contenidoEntradilla p.entradilla{
222 font-family:"IberpangeaText Bold";
223 font-size:16px ;
224 line-height:24px;
225 }
226 }
227 @media screen and (max-width: 47.95em) {
228 .contenidoInterior h1 {
229 font-size: 26px !important;
230 }
231 .contenidoInterior h2#subtitulo{
232 font-size: 35px;
233 line-height: 35px;
234 color: #007F33 !important;
235 margin-bottom: 1em;
236 }
237 .contenidoInterior #contenidoEntradilla p.entradilla {
238 margin-top: 0.8em;
239 }
240 .contenidoInterior #contenidoEntradilla p.entradilla {
241 line-height: 24px !important;
242 }
243 }
244
245
246</style>
247</@>
What are superbugs and how do they resist antibiotics?
Superbugs are strains of bacteria that have become resistant to known antibiotics, often including the most modern ones. Bacteria, like any other organism, try to survive in the face of external stresses and have the added advantage that they have a high facility to mutate as well as to reproduce; under the right conditions, hundreds of millions can appear in a few hours. This allows their DNA mutations to be relatively rapid and, if these modifications prove useful and survive, this mutation can be further refined.
SEE INFOGRAPHIC: How antibiotics work and how bacteria can become resistant? [PDF]
Superbugs are caused by the misuse of antibiotics. When antibiotics are overused or misused, the bacteria that have caused the disease in question are overexposed and produce mutations in an attempt to survive. In what experts call "genetic capitalism", a resistant bacterium has an evolutionary advantage so that it not only tends to maintain itself, but is also more likely to continue acquiring resistance mechanisms.
There are rare occasions when resistance arises randomly. On other occasions, so-called bacterial transformation occurs, when the genes responsible for the resistance are acquired from the environment; other times it is obtained from related bacteria - conjugation - or from bacteriophage viruses - known as transduction.
No matter how modern and sophisticated antibiotics become, bacteria will continue to perfect their mutations, and the more they are abused, the more bacteria will evolve to resist them. It is therefore a problem that cannot be stopped, only slowed down.
What are the most resistant bacteria?
The World Health Organisation itself has established three groups of multi-resistant bacteria, according to their priority.
In priority 1 or critical, where all are resistant to carbapenems, the so-called broad-spectrum antibiotics, are Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, some enterobacteria such as Klebsiella pneumonie, Escherichia coli and several species of the genera Serratia and Proteus. In the case of Klebsiellas, cases have already been found where no antibiotic is effective.
Priority 2 or high are Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin resistant), Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin and vancomycin resistant), Helicobacter pylori (immune to clarithromycin), Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella (both resistant to fluoroquinolones) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistant).
And finally, there is priority 3 or medium which includes Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-insensitive), Haemophilus influenzae (ampicillin-resistant) and Shigella spp. (fluoroquinolone-immune).
Social and economic impact of superbugs
By 2020, this type of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was causing 700,000 deaths a year, some 33,000 in Europe and, according to estimates by the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products, some 4,000 in Spain, three times the number caused by traffic accidents. Predictions had predicted that by 2050 the death toll would reach 10 million worldwide (cancer currently kills around 8 million people a year) but experts predict that, at the current rate, this figure will be reached at least a decade earlier.
An added problem is that there are very few experimental antibiotics that can address this situation. Specifically, there are only 32 treatments in clinical development targeting priority pathogens. This production is not profitable for pharmaceutical companies, and private investment in 2019 was only 120 million euros, while some 8.6 billion euros were invested in the search for cancer treatments.
In addition, climate change appears to be a further problem, with a growing number of experts suggesting that rising temperatures are making it easier and faster for bacteria to bypass the protective barrier provided by current antibiotics.
How to slow down this process?
Recommendations to slow down the arrival of more superbugs cover different areas as this is a major global public health problem. On the one hand, the medical community has important guidelines to reduce the prescription of antibiotics, limiting their use if their benefit is questionable. It is also important to monitor veterinary medication, a sector where 70% of antibiotics end up and where they have been used, and continue to be used in developing countries, to support animal growth.
On the patient side, there are two key measures:
Avoid self-medication: Antibiotics should always be prescribed by a doctor and should never be taken without a doctor's supervision. Antibiotics should especially be avoided for viral illnesses such as influenza.-
Completion of treatments: Treatment should not be discontinued when symptoms begin to subside, but only when the doctor has prescribed it, because if it is stopped before then, the bacterial infection may not be completely eliminated, causing it to adapt to the antibiotic and become resistant to it.